If you have been told you have a hernia—or suspect you might have one—one of the first questions is often what type it is and whether it matters. In adults, hernias can occur in several areas of the body, and the type can affect the symptoms you experience as well as the treatment options available.
A hernia develops when tissue or part of an organ pushes through a weakened area in the surrounding muscle. While the underlying mechanism is similar, not all hernias behave the same way. Some are more likely to cause discomfort, while others carry a higher risk of complications. Understanding the common types of hernia can help you make sense of your symptoms, know what to expect, and have a more informed discussion with your doctor.
What Causes a Hernia?
Hernias can develop for a variety of reasons, often linked to increased pressure within the abdomen combined with a weakened muscle wall. Everyday activities such as heavy lifting, persistent coughing or straining during bowel movements may contribute to their formation.
Ageing also plays a role, as muscles naturally lose strength over time. In some cases, a person may be born with a predisposition due to naturally weaker tissues. While the causes may differ, the result is similar: a noticeable bulge or discomfort in the affected area.
Inguinal Hernia
An inguinal hernia is the most common type of hernia seen in adults. It occurs when tissue, often part of the intestine, protrudes through a weak spot in the lower abdominal wall near the groin.
You may notice a bulge in the groin area that becomes more prominent when standing, coughing or straining. Some individuals experience a dull ache or a sense of heaviness, especially after physical activity. Although it may not cause significant discomfort at first, an inguinal hernia does not resolve on its own. Medical evaluation is recommended if the bulge persists or enlarges. Urgent attention is needed if there is sudden pain, nausea or difficulty passing stool, as this may indicate a complication.
Femoral Hernia
A femoral hernia appears slightly lower than an inguinal hernia, near the upper thigh. It is less common but tends to occur more often in women. It may present as a small lump near the groin or upper thigh and is not always painful, which can make it easy to overlook in the early stages. Despite its subtle presentation, this type of hernia carries a higher risk of becoming trapped or strangulated. For this reason, even a small or painless lump in this area should be assessed by a hernia doctor. Early evaluation helps reduce the risk of complications.
Umbilical Hernia
An umbilical hernia develops around the navel. While it is commonly associated with infants, adults can experience it as well, particularly after pregnancy or significant weight gain. You may notice a soft swelling near your belly button that becomes more visible when you cough, laugh or strain. In some instances, it may cause mild discomfort, especially during physical activity.
Although smaller umbilical hernias may remain stable for a period of time, they can enlarge or become symptomatic. If you experience pain, tenderness or noticeable changes, it is advisable to seek medical advice.
Incisional Hernia
An incisional hernia occurs at the site of a previous surgical incision. The abdominal wall may weaken during the healing process, allowing tissue to push through. A bulge near a surgical scar is often the first sign. You may also feel discomfort when lifting objects or engaging in daily activities that put pressure on the abdomen.
If you have undergone abdominal surgery and notice any unusual swelling or discomfort at the incision site, it is important to have it evaluated by a hernia specialist. Addressing the issue early can help prevent further complications.
Hiatal Hernia
A hiatal hernia differs from other types as it occurs internally. Part of the stomach pushes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. Because there is no visible lump, symptoms tend to be related to digestion. You may experience heartburn, acid reflux, chest discomfort or difficulty swallowing. If lifestyle changes or over the counter remedies do not provide relief, a medical assessment by a hernia doctor can help determine whether a hiatal hernia is present.
Taking the Next Step for Your Health with Dr Chew Min Hoe
Hernias are more common than many people realise, and they can present in different ways depending on their type and location. Understanding the signs can help you stay more aware of changes in your body, so you are better equipped to take care of your health when something does not feel quite right.
If you have noticed a persistent bulge, discomfort or unexplained symptoms, it may be time to have it assessed. At Thesurgeons led by Dr Chew Min Hoe, patients receive thoughtful, personalised care with a focus on accurate diagnosis and effective treatment options. Arrange a consultation and take a proactive step towards your well-being today.
